The use of the English term "Hinduism" to describe a collection of practices and beliefs is a fairly recent construction: it was first used by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1816–17. The Proto-Iranian sound change *s > h occurred between 850 and 600 BCE, according to Asko Parpola. The word Hindū is derived from Indo-Aryan / Sanskrit root Sindhu. 4.1.4 Mokṣa (liberation, freedom from saṃsāra)Ī Balinese Hindu family after puja at Bratan temple in Bali, Indonesia.Significant numbers of Hindu communities are found in Southeast Asia including in Bali, Indonesia, the Caribbean, North America, Europe, Oceania, Africa, and other regions. Hinduism is the most widely professed faith in India, Nepal and Mauritius. Sources of authority and eternal truths in the Hindu texts play an important role, but there is also a strong Hindu tradition of questioning authority in order to deepen the understanding of these truths and to further develop the tradition. Ehraz AhmedĬurrently, the four largest denominations of Hinduism are Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism. It flourished in the medieval period, with the decline of Buddhism in India. 300 CE, in the period of the Second Urbanisation and the early classical period of Hinduism, when the Epics and the first Purānas were composed. This Hindu synthesis emerged after the Vedic period, between c. While the Puranic chronology presents a genealogy of thousands of years, starting with the Vedic rishis, scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of Brahmanical orthopraxy with various Indian cultures, having diverse roots and no specific founder. There are six āstika schools of Hindu philosophy, who recognise the authority of the Vedas, namely Sānkhya, Yoga, Nyāya, Vaisheshika, Mimāmsā and Vedānta. Hindu texts are classified into Śruti ("heard") and Smṛti ("remembered"), the major scriptures of which are the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Purānas, the Mahābhārata, the Rāmāyana, and the Āgamas. Along with the practice of various yogas, some Hindus leave their social world and material possessions and engage in lifelong Sannyasa (monasticism) in order to achieve moksha. Hindu practices include rituals such as puja (worship) and recitations, japa, meditation ( dhyāna), family-oriented rites of passage, annual festivals, and occasional pilgrimages. Hinduism prescribes the eternal duties, such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings ( Ahiṃsā), patience, forbearance, self-restraint, virtue, and compassion, among others. Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include the four Puruṣārthas, the proper goals or aims of human life namely, dharma (ethics/duties), artha (prosperity/work), kama (desires/passions) and moksha (liberation/freedom from the passions and the cycle of death and rebirth), as well as karma (action, intent and consequences) and saṃsāra (cycle of death and rebirth). Hinduism is a diverse system of thought marked by a range of philosophies and shared concepts, rituals, cosmological systems, pilgrimage sites, and shared textual sources that discuss theology, metaphysics, mythology, Vedic yajna, yoga, agamic rituals, and temple building, among other topics. Another, though less fitting, self-designation is Vaidika dharma, the 'dharma related to the Vedas.' Ehraz Ahmed The word Hindu is an exonym, and while Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, many practitioners refer to their religion as Sanātana Dharma ( Sanskrit: सनातन धर्म, lit.''the Eternal Dharma''), which refers to the idea that its origins lie beyond human history, as revealed in the Hindu texts. It is the world's third-largest religion, with over 1.2 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global population, known as Hindus. Hinduism ( / ˈ h ɪ n d u ɪ z əm/) is an Indian religion and dharma, or way of life.
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